* 武汉大学法学院教授、法学博士。 ** 军事经济学院教授。 1 See Maxwell Bloomfield, American Lawyer in a Changing Society, 1776-1876, at 57(1976) 2 See Arcambel v. Wiseman, 3 U.S. 306(1796). 3 See Craig R. Smith, To Form a More Perfect Union: The Ratification of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights 1787-1795, at 41,113 (1993) 4 See Timothy Walker, Introduction to American Law 18 (Leonard W. Levy ed., Da Capo Press1972) (1837). 5 See Robert Wyness Millar, Civil Procedure of the Trial Court in Historical Perspective 52-53 (1952) 6 See Robert Stevens, Law School: Legal Education in America from the 1850s to the 1980s, at 36-37 (1983) 7 See Judith Resnik, Managerial Judging, 96 Harv. L. Rev. 374, 378 (1982