c += 1 Loop Until c = 10
'''' Array or collection looping Dim names As String() = {"Fred", "Sue", "Barney"} For Each s As String In names Console.WriteLine(s) Next
Pre-test Loops:
// no "until" keyword while (i < 10) i++;
for (i = 2; i < = 10; i += 2) Console.WriteLine(i);
Post-test Loop:
do i++; while (i < 10);
// Array or collection looping
string[] names = {"Fred", "Sue", "Barney"}; foreach (string s in names) Console.WriteLine(s);
Arrays
Dim nums() As Integer = {1, 2, 3} For i As Integer = 0 To nums.Length - 1 Console.WriteLine(nums(i)) Next
'''' 4 is the index of the last element, so it holds 5 elements Dim names(4) As String names(0) = "David" names(5) = "Bobby" '''' Throws System.IndexOutOfRangeException
'''' Resize the array, keeping the existing values (Preserve is optional) ReDim Preserve names(6)
Dim twoD(rows-1, cols-1) As Single twoD(2, 0) = 4.5
Dim jagged()() As Integer = { _ New Integer(4) {}, New Integer(1) {}, New Integer(2) {} } jagged(0)(4) = 5
int[] nums = {1, 2, 3}; for (int i = 0; i < nums.Length; i++) Console.WriteLine(nums[i]);
// 5 is the size of the array string[] names = new string[5]; names[0] = "David"; names[5] = "Bobby"; // Throws System.IndexOutOfRangeException
// C# doesn''''t can''''t dynamically resize an array. Just copy into new array. string[] names2 = new string[7]; Array.Copy(names, names2, names.Length); // or names.CopyTo(names2, 0);
float[,] twoD = new float[rows, cols]; twoD[2,0] = 4.5f;
int[][] jagged = new int[3][] { new int[5], new int[2], new int[3] }; jagged[0][4] = 5;
Functions
'''' Pass by value (in, default), reference (in/out), and reference (out) Sub TestFunc(ByVal x As Integer, ByRef y As Integer, ByRef z As Integer) x += 1 y += 1 z = 5 End Sub
Dim a = 1, b = 1, c As Integer '''' c set to zero by default TestFunc(a, b, c) Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2}", a, b, c) '''' 1 2 5
'''' Accept variable number of arguments Function Sum(ByVal ParamArray nums As Integer()) As Integer Sum = 0 For Each i As Integer In nums Sum += i Next End Function '''' Or use Return statement like C#
Dim total As Integer = Sum(4, 3, 2, 1) '''' returns 10
'''' Optional parameters must be listed last and must have a default value Sub SayHello(ByVal name As String, Optional ByVal prefix As String = "") Console.WriteLine("Greetings, " & prefix & " " & name) End Sub
SayHello("Strangelove", "Dr.") SayHello("Madonna")
// Pass by value (in, default), reference (in/out), and reference (out) void TestFunc(int x, ref int y, out int z) { x++; y++; z = 5; }
int a = 1, b = 1, c; // c doesn''''t need initializing TestFunc(a, ref b, out c); Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2}", a, b, c); // 1 2 5
// Accept variable number of arguments int Sum(params int[] nums) { int sum = 0; foreach (int i in nums) sum += i; return sum; }
int total = Sum(4, 3, 2, 1); // returns 10
/* C# doesn''''t support optional arguments/parameters. Just create two different versions of the same function. */ void SayHello(string name, string prefix) { Console.WriteLine("Greetings, " + prefix + " " + name); }
void SayHello(string name) { SayHello(name, ""); }
Exception Handling
'''' Deprecated unstructured error handling On Error GoTo MyErrorHandler ... MyErrorHandler: Console.WriteLine(Err.Description)
Dim ex As New Exception("Something is really wrong.") Throw ex
Try y = 0 x = 10 / y Catch ex As Exception When y = 0 '''' Argument and When is optional Console.WriteLine(ex.Message) Finally Beep() End Try
Exception up = new Exception("Something is really wrong."); throw up; // ha ha
try { y = 0; x = 10 / y; } catch (Exception ex) { // Argument is optional, no "When" keyword Console.WriteLine(ex.Message); } finally { // Must use unmanaged MessageBeep API function to beep }
Namespaces
Namespace Harding.Compsci.Graphics ... End Namespace
'''' or
Namespace Harding Namespace Compsci Namespace Graphics ... End Namespace End Namespace End Namespace
Import Harding.Compsci.Graphics
namespace Harding.Compsci.Graphics { ... }
// or
namespace Harding { namespace Compsci { namespace Graphics { ... } } }
using Harding.Compsci.Graphics;
Classes / Interfaces
Accessibility keywords Public Private Friend Protected Protected Friend Shared
'''' Inheritance Class FootballGame Inherits Competition ... End Class
'''' Interface definition Interface IAlarmClock ... End Interface
// Extending an interface Interface IAlarmClock Inherits IClock ... End Interface
// Interface implementation Class WristWatch Implements IAlarmClock, ITimer ... End Class
Accessibility keywords public private internal protected protected internal static
// Inheritance class FootballGame : Competition { ... }
// Interface definition interface IAlarmClock { ... }
// Extending an interface interface IAlarmClock : IClock { ... }
// Interface implementation class WristWatch : IAlarmClock, ITimer { ... }
Constructors / Destructors
Class SuperHero Private _powerLevel As Integer
Public Sub New () _powerLevel = 0 End Sub
Public Sub New (ByVal powerLevel As Integer) Me._powerLevel = powerLevel End Sub
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